Chapter Four Guided Viewing
1: List the symptoms and vectors (how spread) of the following disease:
* H1N1 (Swine Flu): Traveled rapidly, widespread. symptoms: unusual tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat
* West Nile Virus: Traveled through mosquitoes and birds. symptoms: headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat
* SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Traveled through modern transportation. symptoms: cough, difficulty breathing
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
Growing population of people, meaning more and more hosts for the viruses
3: Define the following:
* Population Dynamics: General study of population changes
* A Population: group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
* Species: individuals capable of interbreeding
* Demography: statistical study of human populations
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
abundance, birth rates, death rates, growth rates and age structure
5: What are the 4 phases of the human population?
Hunter gatherers, Rise of agriculture, Industrial revolution, 20th century
6: Define the following terms:
*Crude Birth Rate: number of births per 1000 individuals per year
*Crude Death Rate: number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
*Crude Growth Rate: net number added per 1000 individuals per year
* TFR (Total Fertility Rate): Average number of children expected to be born to a woman throughout child-bearing years.
* Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) Number of years it takes for a population to double. 70 divided by annual growth rate.
* Life Expectancy Rate: Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live given current mortality rates
* GNP Per Capita: Gross National Product, which includes value of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
After animal population grow to a certain point, it can no longer grow consistently but must hover carrying capacity
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
Number of individuals in a population at some later time 2 equals the number of individuals in a population at time 1 plus the difference of number of birth and death rates plus the difference of number of immigrants and number of emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
crude growth rate = (Number of births minus Number of deaths) divided by population or growth rate = growth rate divided by population
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group.
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
Thomas Malthus said that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly multiplying human population on a finite resource base. He stated that the biggest problem has to be the population of people. He placed the longer term stability of the economy above short term expediency. He argues that the two types of checks hold population within resource limits. He clarifies his view that if society relied on human misery to limit population growth, then sources of misery would afflict society.
12: What is the demographic transition?
Three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which individual of specie can live. Life expectancy is the average age an individual can live given the present age
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Japan has the highest life expectancy and sixteen other nations (including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia) have the second highest.
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
78 years
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
* Short-Term Factors: Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
* Intermediate-Term Factors: Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries.
*Long-Term Factors: Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change.
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
It is between resources and what we deem as our values or population density
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
Delaying the age of first childbearing and birth control are simple ways of slowing population growth.
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
a) Modern Medicine: Death rates drop, birth rate is high. Growth rate is stable
b) Modern Agriculture: High growth rate. Low birth and death rate
c) Modern Industry: Death rates drop, birth rates drop. Growth rate is zero
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a population”?
Some strategies that may work for one person or a small group of people may only work for one person or small groups of individuals, but may not work when on a larger scale
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic disease?
Environmental factors that are likely to increase chances of an outbreak are because of having a bigger population size.
23: What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
Demographic transition is the change in birth and death rates as a country goes from undeveloped to developed. One would expect replacement level fertility after the demographic transition
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
a) birth rates: Go down because everyone is getting a job due to high income
b) death rates: Go down, because there would be more medicine due to more money
c) average family size: Go down, because there is less children needed to support a family
d) age structure of the population?: More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.
* H1N1 (Swine Flu): Traveled rapidly, widespread. symptoms: unusual tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat
* West Nile Virus: Traveled through mosquitoes and birds. symptoms: headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat
* SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Traveled through modern transportation. symptoms: cough, difficulty breathing
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
Growing population of people, meaning more and more hosts for the viruses
3: Define the following:
* Population Dynamics: General study of population changes
* A Population: group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
* Species: individuals capable of interbreeding
* Demography: statistical study of human populations
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
abundance, birth rates, death rates, growth rates and age structure
5: What are the 4 phases of the human population?
Hunter gatherers, Rise of agriculture, Industrial revolution, 20th century
6: Define the following terms:
*Crude Birth Rate: number of births per 1000 individuals per year
*Crude Death Rate: number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
*Crude Growth Rate: net number added per 1000 individuals per year
* TFR (Total Fertility Rate): Average number of children expected to be born to a woman throughout child-bearing years.
* Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) Number of years it takes for a population to double. 70 divided by annual growth rate.
* Life Expectancy Rate: Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live given current mortality rates
* GNP Per Capita: Gross National Product, which includes value of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
After animal population grow to a certain point, it can no longer grow consistently but must hover carrying capacity
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
Number of individuals in a population at some later time 2 equals the number of individuals in a population at time 1 plus the difference of number of birth and death rates plus the difference of number of immigrants and number of emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
crude growth rate = (Number of births minus Number of deaths) divided by population or growth rate = growth rate divided by population
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group.
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
Thomas Malthus said that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly multiplying human population on a finite resource base. He stated that the biggest problem has to be the population of people. He placed the longer term stability of the economy above short term expediency. He argues that the two types of checks hold population within resource limits. He clarifies his view that if society relied on human misery to limit population growth, then sources of misery would afflict society.
12: What is the demographic transition?
Three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which individual of specie can live. Life expectancy is the average age an individual can live given the present age
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Japan has the highest life expectancy and sixteen other nations (including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia) have the second highest.
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
78 years
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
* Short-Term Factors: Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
* Intermediate-Term Factors: Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries.
*Long-Term Factors: Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change.
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
It is between resources and what we deem as our values or population density
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
Delaying the age of first childbearing and birth control are simple ways of slowing population growth.
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
a) Modern Medicine: Death rates drop, birth rate is high. Growth rate is stable
b) Modern Agriculture: High growth rate. Low birth and death rate
c) Modern Industry: Death rates drop, birth rates drop. Growth rate is zero
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a population”?
Some strategies that may work for one person or a small group of people may only work for one person or small groups of individuals, but may not work when on a larger scale
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic disease?
Environmental factors that are likely to increase chances of an outbreak are because of having a bigger population size.
23: What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
Demographic transition is the change in birth and death rates as a country goes from undeveloped to developed. One would expect replacement level fertility after the demographic transition
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
a) birth rates: Go down because everyone is getting a job due to high income
b) death rates: Go down, because there would be more medicine due to more money
c) average family size: Go down, because there is less children needed to support a family
d) age structure of the population?: More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.