Chapter 8 Guided Reading
Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions
1: What is biological diversity?
The variety of life found in an area
2: What is a population?
Group of individuals of same species
3: What is a species?
All individuals capable of interbreeding
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity? Utilitarian, Public-Service, Ecological, Moral, Theological, Aesthetic, Recreational, Spiritual, & Creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: Total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies or group of species
* Habitat Diversity: Different habitats in a given area
* Species Diversity: Richness, evenness and dominance
* Species Richness: Total number of a species in an area
* Species Evenness: Abundance of species
* Dominant Species: Most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
Eukaryota, bacteria, & archaea
6: What is biological evolution?
The change in characteristics of a population from a generation to the next
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Changes in DNA are what cause mutations. Original parents of the offspring with the mutation will not have the mutated gene, but the offspring of those offspring will.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
The increasing of proportion of species with survival adaption from one generation to the next.
- inheritance of traits
- environmental variability
- differential reproduction
- influence of environment of survival
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection.
Malaria is a disease that is caused by the bites of mosquitos. It's common in 90 countries and infects 300-400 million people a year and it kills about a million of them. The discovery of DDT was used to kill mosquitos that had the malaria disease so they wouldn't affect the humans. Through natural selection, these mosquitoes developed a gene that made them resistant to DDT. This demonstrates natural selection because at first it was a small proportion of mosquitos and over time mosquitos started reproducing creating a larger proportion.
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
Darwin's Finches demonstrates Adaptive Radiation because the finches that were isolated developed different niches
2: Define: Genetic Drift
Changes in frequency of a gene population due to chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
Founder effect is when a group of individuals are isolated from a larger population. It demonstrates genetic drift, because the small group will have less genetic variability, making them their affected characteristics different by chance.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Biodiversity is always changing and species are always evolving & also becoming extinct
2: Adaption is in response to environmental changes. Species adapt in response to environmental conditions and complexity is apart of nature
3: Species and populations become geographically isolated from time to time and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift
4: Species can get endangered by not being able to adapt quickly enough
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
American Gray Squirrel was introduced in GB in 1830, and undergoes competition with the Red Squirrels. It demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle, because both species of squirrels have almost the same requirements.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
An ecological niche is a set of environmental conditions within a species is able to persist
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental niche is where a species can live. Realized is where the species is living in.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: ____symbiont_____________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
When the symbiont relationship cannot exist without one or the other symbiont
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
Dogs being helpful and companionable to humans make dogs very abundant
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
When two species are competing in the same habitat, one predator feeds on a more abundant species, it can keep that prey from overwhelming the other.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: ____at lower latitudes__________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Soil type, topography, aspect, elevation and nearness to a drainage basin
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
The places affected by moderate disturbances favor different kinds of species and increase their diversity.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain Urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture decreases diversity, because we reduce the number of habitats a species can live in.
1: What is biological diversity?
The variety of life found in an area
2: What is a population?
Group of individuals of same species
3: What is a species?
All individuals capable of interbreeding
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity? Utilitarian, Public-Service, Ecological, Moral, Theological, Aesthetic, Recreational, Spiritual, & Creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: Total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies or group of species
* Habitat Diversity: Different habitats in a given area
* Species Diversity: Richness, evenness and dominance
* Species Richness: Total number of a species in an area
* Species Evenness: Abundance of species
* Dominant Species: Most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
Eukaryota, bacteria, & archaea
6: What is biological evolution?
The change in characteristics of a population from a generation to the next
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Changes in DNA are what cause mutations. Original parents of the offspring with the mutation will not have the mutated gene, but the offspring of those offspring will.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
The increasing of proportion of species with survival adaption from one generation to the next.
- inheritance of traits
- environmental variability
- differential reproduction
- influence of environment of survival
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection.
Malaria is a disease that is caused by the bites of mosquitos. It's common in 90 countries and infects 300-400 million people a year and it kills about a million of them. The discovery of DDT was used to kill mosquitos that had the malaria disease so they wouldn't affect the humans. Through natural selection, these mosquitoes developed a gene that made them resistant to DDT. This demonstrates natural selection because at first it was a small proportion of mosquitos and over time mosquitos started reproducing creating a larger proportion.
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
Darwin's Finches demonstrates Adaptive Radiation because the finches that were isolated developed different niches
2: Define: Genetic Drift
Changes in frequency of a gene population due to chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
Founder effect is when a group of individuals are isolated from a larger population. It demonstrates genetic drift, because the small group will have less genetic variability, making them their affected characteristics different by chance.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Biodiversity is always changing and species are always evolving & also becoming extinct
2: Adaption is in response to environmental changes. Species adapt in response to environmental conditions and complexity is apart of nature
3: Species and populations become geographically isolated from time to time and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift
4: Species can get endangered by not being able to adapt quickly enough
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
American Gray Squirrel was introduced in GB in 1830, and undergoes competition with the Red Squirrels. It demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle, because both species of squirrels have almost the same requirements.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
An ecological niche is a set of environmental conditions within a species is able to persist
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental niche is where a species can live. Realized is where the species is living in.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: ____symbiont_____________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
When the symbiont relationship cannot exist without one or the other symbiont
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
Dogs being helpful and companionable to humans make dogs very abundant
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
When two species are competing in the same habitat, one predator feeds on a more abundant species, it can keep that prey from overwhelming the other.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: ____at lower latitudes__________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Soil type, topography, aspect, elevation and nearness to a drainage basin
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
The places affected by moderate disturbances favor different kinds of species and increase their diversity.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain Urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture decreases diversity, because we reduce the number of habitats a species can live in.
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: When species become similar and alike from similar climates
* Divergent Evolution: When a population is divided into two by a geographic barrier and each evolves separately
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
- Islands have fewer species than continents
- The farther the island from mainland, the fewer the species
- New species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place
- The smaller the island, the fewer the species
2: What is an ecological island?
A small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
The introduced species often become pests because they replace native species in the habitat
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: When species become similar and alike from similar climates
* Divergent Evolution: When a population is divided into two by a geographic barrier and each evolves separately
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
- Islands have fewer species than continents
- The farther the island from mainland, the fewer the species
- New species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place
- The smaller the island, the fewer the species
2: What is an ecological island?
A small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
The introduced species often become pests because they replace native species in the habitat